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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. penis elargement operation penis enlargement review free pnis enlargement penis elargement pic top rated penis enlargement pill free penis elargement pills vimax penis enlargement fact enlargement erection penis pills vimax

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Generally, what we understand when we first hear about Cialis is the fact that this is the first true competitor of Viagra as it fights against erectile disfunction as well as the first mentioned. Viagra appeared in 1998 and registered a high success generally for the fact that it was the first product of this kind. Nowadays a new successful product was attributed to ICOS corporation which is to shatter the unbelievable success of Viagra. The series isn't ending here, anyway,as another one called Levitra is expected to appear. First of all, there should be mentioned that the sell market of Cialis has reached an enormous level which is bound to put aside the success registered by Viagra in the late 90's. What is important is the fact that from around thirty million people suffering from erectile disfunction in the USA and another estimated number of one hundred and seventy five million abroad who are having this disfunction and using these products, only a little part are using Viagra. Viagra has reached this year a total profit of $1,5bn, while the account of money used for these drugs(such as Viagra, Levitra and Cialis) raises up to $6. Similar to the case of Viagra, Cialis should be understood as a general performance provider, to just a regular treatment for the ailment. Anyone of us should know that there is a specific process of these medication which makes them be so successful, while constantly improving our lives: they work by blocking an enzyme named phosphodiesterase (which happens to relax some of our muscles), this way allowing a certain growth of the blood flow in your penis. Another advantage gained by Cialis over Viagra is the fact that it is available(by prescription only) in countries like the United Kingdom, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Australia and it is ought to be approved in USA too. Moreover, a common argument brought in favor of Cialis is the fact that it has more rapid effects than Viagra; The starting process can be reached at approximately sixteen minutes after taking the pill, while the entire process can lead up to twenty four hours or more. In contrast to that, by taking Viagra one may feel the effects after one hour and have them for four hours upmost. Like Viagra, an estimated number of eighty percent of the people who have tried Cialis have had the opportunity and chance in the mean time to have an erection as well as sexual acts but in comparison with Viagra, the effects and potential of the user lasted for more than thirty six hours after taking the pill;in this period of time the effects were almost constant. A possible explanation for this is the fact that Cialis persists longer in the body than Viagra does. The period of time for blood levels to fall fifty percent for Viagra records four hours, while Cialis makes it up to seventeen hours. This can signify that a twenty five percent of the original doze of Cialis is still in the body at that time. To conclude, it may be said that Cialis has finally shattered the’ unbreakable’ myth of Viagra by adding more tough points to the well-known advantages of Viagra. Logically, it is of a higher quality technique than Viagra this being the reason for the extreme surpassing. Let’s hope things will not remain this way and will improve more and more up to perfection do penis enlargment pills work pro solution wealth plastic surgery penis elargement enlargement forum free matter pennis size safe penile enlargment free penis enlargment exercise male penis enlarement best penis enhancement surgery natural pennis enlargement

Penis enlargement tips are the main focus of this article to help men who want to enlarge their penis. It is important to realize that the enlargement process is a marathon and not a sprint, so patience is an essential personality trait! The aim of this article is to provide you with tips that can help make the journey a little less difficult and more bearable. First of all, trim your pubic hair! Messed up hair is going to conceal the penis within it. Most men’s pubic hair can be about an inch in depth. If you realistically look at this, that extra inch is removing a viewable inch of your own penis, so trim it. Especially take note to trim or even remove maybe about an inch of hair just above the base of the penis. This will make your penis appear larger than it actually is. It is highly likely, that if you are a smoker, you will have been told to stop on numerous occasions. Maybe if you were told that smoking will actually decrease your penis size you might do something about it… Smoking induces high blood pressure by narrowing the veins in our body. This causes the blood to move a lot faster, but also reduce the amount of blood we can have in one place. As the penis size depends mainly on how much blood we can get in there (and also for the purpose of penis exercises), then heavy smoking is going to really limit your chance of gaining any considerable growth. Still on the point of blood pressure, stress can also affect it as well by minimizing the amount that can flow through your penis. If you can, before you do any form of exercise, try to calm yourself by meditating or doing some yoga. If that’s not exactly up your street, then try to get a massage, or do something to take your mind of any stressful situations you might be in. It can make a huge difference so try it. Loosing weight can also help. While loosing weight will not be proportional to how much you gain in penis size, fat can cover part of your penis. So it makes sense that in reducing your levels of fat, it is going to retract and show off more of your penis. You are going to be putting yourself at a disadvantage with a lot of fat around your waste than if you shed off what you can. Going back to the whole marathon analogy, most men will become impatient with their overall progress, so it is important to set realistic goals. Instead of saying you’re going to gain about an inch in your first month, first of all try going for something much smaller, and then change it to millimeters instead. This will provide you with a much more realistic goal, and something you can definitely work towards! The most important tip of all is to stay with it. Don’t give up after two weeks because you’ve seen no results. You may see no results for the first month, but if you keep working at it, you will hopefully start to see some significant improvements. If you really want to speed up the process, try taking supplements that will help increase the blood flow to your penis. While penis enlargement pills don’t add inches on, they can help you to add the inches on yourself. Hopefully these penis enlargement tips will help you though to gain a bigger penis. penis enlargment pic before and after natural pnis enlargement and lengthening where to buy vig rx penis enargement procedure pnis enlargement stretcher truth about penis enlarement pills penis enlargement without pills free penile enlargment exercise natural pennis enlargement

Minerals are sometimes overlooked as essential elements for our body. Zinc is vital to both humans and animals. It is found in all the cells in our body. Zinc has a lot of functions. Here are some functions of zinc... It stimulates the chemicals that promote biochemical processes in the body. It helps in the maintenance of a healthy immune system. It is required for wound healing or in healing injuries It is important in maintaining your healthy sense of smell, sight and taste It is required for proper DNA synthesis It aids in optimal growth and development especially during pregnancy, childhood and adolescence. It supports sperm development in men and is required for ovulation and fertilization in women. It is needed in synthesizing protein and metabolism of fatty acids It contributes to the body's protection against free radicals Zinc was found to be very helpful in the following conditions: Childhood intelligence deficiency Acne (Zinc controls bacteria and is vital for normal production of oil in the body.) Infertility (for male) Contact Dermatitis Common Cold (Zinc lozenges help shorten the length of having a cold. Zinc lozenges or zinc spray can be used to prevent a cold.) Down's Syndrome Wilson's disease (This is through interfering the body's use of mineral copper. Zinc blocks copper absorption.) Night blindness Wound healing In addition to these, zinc aids in the prevention of prostate enlargement and reduction of the size of an enlarged prostate. Zinc is significant in several aspects of metabolism of hormones. Zinc deficiencies are not as common in developed countries than in third world countries. People with Down's syndrome, malabsorption syndromes and liver cirrhosis are more or less prone to zinc deficiencies no matter what country they are in. In addition to these other risk factors include alcoholism, insufficient caloric intake and digestive diseases. Alcoholism decreases the units of zinc absorbed by the body and increases zinc loss in the urine. Furthermore, vegetarians need to be more cautious because zinc absorption from plants is generally lower. Zinc deficiency often occurs when there is inadequate intake or malabsorption, when there is an increase in zinc body requirement or when there is increased zinc losses from the body. There is also maternal zinc deficiency. This can lead to slowed fetal growth. Breast milk does not provide enough zinc for infants 7 months and older. Breastfeeding also drain the mother's zinc reserves. Thus, foods that are good sources of zinc should be included in her diet. Deficiency manifests in several ways. These include diarrhea, hair loss, growth retardation, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, and eye and skin lesions. Impaired wound healing, weight loss and mental lethargy can also be associated with zinc deficiency. However, these symptoms are also too general and too common for other medical conditions. Thus, it is best that you consult your doctor. Zinc deficiency leads to a compromised immune system. This is because zinc is needed in T-lymphocyte development and activation. Of course, too much of something is also bad for your health. Too much zinc supplementation can lead to zinc toxicity. This can lead to altered iron function, reduced immune function, low copper status and reduced levels of good cholesterol. Proper diet and exercise are foundations of good health and nutrition. A multivitamin can mean just plus points to your diet or be as important as eating right. Remember to read labels to know the content and quality of what you are taking. Consult your doctor for the most suitable supplements for you. vimax easy enlargement free penis surgery way does penile enlargment work natural penis enargement penis enlagement patch top rated penis enlargement pill free penis enlagement exercise cheap penile enlargment pills manual penis enlargment natural pennis enlargement

Zoonoses is the term applied to a grouping of diseases that are transferable from canine/feline to human. Basically, these diseases fall into three groupings based on their means of transmission. This also groups these, ideally, in the means of treatment and control. The three groupings of diseases are as follows -diseases spread through :1) urine or feces, 2) hair and skin contact, or 3) bites and scratches. Zoonoses - Spread through Urine or Feces Hookworms Hookworms enter the German Shepherd's body in the area that directly comes in contact with the feces-contanimated soil. Seen more commonly in the South, these parasites are unsuited to ideally live in human beings. Traditionally they die after crawling several inches underneath the surface layer of the skin. Inflammation usually occurs as a result of these parasites in humans and causes a condition called “creeping eruption” which may last several weeks or months depending on its severity. Leptospirosis German Shepherd's may come in contact with this disease through swimming, drinking, licking their fur, or by eating food contaminated with animal urine. Many animals may carry this, though rats are most often the culprit. This zoonoses symptom in humans include flu-like including chills, body aches, vomiting, fever and headache. Sometimes kidney damage may occur or the membranes covering the spinal cord or brain may become inflamed. This disease is not usually fatal though it does make its host miserable for weeks at a time. Roundworms If these parasites are swallowed by humans they migrate into the body tissues and may cause damage, including symptoms of fever and liver enlargement which can last up to a year in length including symptoms of fever and liver enlargement which can last up to a year in length. These parasites are most commonly found in small children (2-4 yrs. of age) who mistakenly swallow the eggs and become infected. Children playing in an area in which an animal has defecated in the past, who do not wash their hands after coming in contact with the eggs and inadvertently sticks their hands into their mouth are the most common receptors of roundworm. Only rarely fatal, the disease is traditionally mild though it may be long lasting. Tapeworms Tapeworms can easily be ingested by any German Shepherd who swallows a flea carrying the infected form when biting at or chewing their coat. Children may get it virtually the same way- minus the coat chewing. Tapeworm infestation in humans this way is actually quite rare when compared to infestation from eating undercooked pork or beef. Toxoplasmosis Rarely this may cause death in humans since most people develop a resistance to it during normal exposure. It can cause many types of birth deformities in children born to mothers who have been infected for the first time without having developed an immunity before becoming pregnant. Most commonly this is “picked up” through contact with infected cat feces or in contact with contaminated soil. Zoonoses - Prevention of Waste Transmitted Diseases There are a few basic precautions everyone should take to prevent transmission of any of the above mentioned diseases - zoonoses. First, clean up all pet droppings and wash your hands each time you any come in contact with contaminated soil. It is extremely important to teach children these steps. Also, if your German Shepherd has gone wading or swimming in any water which may have become contaminated with animal urine, bathe it at once when you return home. Zoonoses - Spread through Skin/Hair Contact Fleas Fleas prefer feeding on your German Shepherd though they will not turn up the chance of of making an occasional meal on humans as well. Ringworm Most commonly found in children (though anyone may be infected), this disease is caused by a skin/hair eating fungus which first appears on people as a round, red, scaly area. It grows outward in a circular formation and is the most common fungal disease currently reported. Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever Tick borne, this disease or Zoonose can cause symptoms such as fever, chills and headache though it is not usually fatal. Symptoms may last many weeks and it can be treated with antibiotics. Most commonly this disease is transmitted through the bite of an infected tick. Also, you may become infected while pulling a tick off your German Shepherd. It is best to wear gloves when removing ticks. Scabies The less commonly found version of mange (as opposed to the demodetic version), this may still cause intense itching, irritation and thickening of the skin. Animal mange may live in human skin though it cannot reproduce there. Humans have their own version of the scabies mite. Zoonoses - Prevention of Skin/Hair Contact Diseases Overall, proper nutritional care and health of your German Shepherd is the best defense against the chance of your dog harboring any of these diseases. Frequent grooming and herbal repellents are good choices in combating most of these diseases or Zoonoses before they become major. Stress, roaming and contact with other dogs are the three most common points of transmission among the previous diseases. Wash your hands after dog contact and minimize contact with any infected pet until the problem is cured. Zoonoses - Diseases Caused by Bites and Scratches Cat Scratch Fever Some people will develop a fever, enlarged lymph nodes and malaise near the area of a bite or scratch from a cat a few weeks after the occurrence. Though not fatal it can be very uncomfortable and can be followed by complications. Infected cat bites may become infected with an entirely different bacteria though the symptoms are similar. Probably best, is to thoroughly wash an area bitten or scratched by a cat and to clean it liberally on a frequent basis to prevent, hopefully, infection. Rabies Virtually 100% fatal once the clinical symptoms appear, this disease is carried by a virus transmitted through the saliva of an infected biting animal. Symptoms include frothing at the mouth, extreme behavioral/personality changes and convulsions which usually ends in the aggressive, staggering and bleary- eyed condition. If you happen upon an animal showing any of these disease symptoms, get away from it as quickly as possible and call your nearest animal control unit. If by chance you are bitten, try to follow it to where it lives (if it is a stray) so that the proper officials may capture it for testing. If you do kill it, do not injure the head as this will be needed for verification. Also, if you are bitten by an animal exhibiting any of the symptoms above, thoroughly wash out the wound as quickly as possible and contact your personal physician immediately. Overall, your chances of getting rabies are rare though you can never be over cautious. Zoonoses - Prevention of Bite and Scratch Transmitted Diseases Best advice, keep your dog in tip-top physical condition through exercise and proper nutrition to reduce its chances of picking up any diseases or parasites from less healthy animals. Also, try to minimize your pets contact with wild animals or sick pets.