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Gangster rap, or hardcore rap, is generally considered a sub genre of the larger category of rap music, which itself is a subcategory of hip-hop. Gangster rap is differentiable from other rap music in that it makes use of images of urban life associated with crime (Haugen, 2). According to the Encyclopedia Britannica definition of gangster rap, the top four images associated with the genre are violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. Gangster Rappers as Defining the Hip-Hop Social Group As the hip-hop movement has gained recognition throughout the United States, it has established itself as one of the fastest growing social groups anywhere. In the late 1990s immediately following the murders of both Tupac Shakur and Christopher Wallace, two nationally known gangster rappers, a propaganda campaign escalated against rap music and the hip-hop culture (Slaughter). Although gangster rap only represented a small percentage of the hip-hop culture at the time, all hip-hop and rap music was instantly stereotyped negatively as being “gangter-like”. Why? Well, this gangster version of hip-hop was the highest selling and most recognized form of hip-hop music among the majority class. And many critics have determined that this is because America is in love with sex, drugs and violence (Whaley). Hip-Hop’s Rejection of Inferior Social Group Status Henri Tajfel, a social psychologist who developed a theory of inter-group relations and social change, argues that members of a social group deemed inferior by a majority class can either accept or reject their inferior position in society. If a group refuses to accept its inferior position in society as just, it will attempt as a group to change things (Coates, 8-9). A large number of hip-hop artists have used their musical lyrics to reject the inferior social status placed upon them by the majority class. The Reconstruction of the Gangster Identity I have found that hip-hop artists use lyrics, both musical and poetic, to redefine the negatives characteristics given to their culture by the majority class, and in the process, reconstruct the gangster identity. By examining these hip-hop and gangster rap lyrics as text, I will show ways in which the lyrics attempt to reconstruct the stereotyped gangster rap identity by examining different views of violence, drugs, materialism and sexual promiscuity. In the end, one tends to wonder: Who exactly are the real gangsters? Violence That the hip-hop culture represents gangster-like violence is perhaps the biggest disputed claim amongst hip-hop artists. In order to disprove this claim, many hip-hop artists have pointed to the violence that exists within the majority social group, and how it leads to violence all over the world. In “Violence”, 2 Pac demonstrates his belief that violence was prevalent long before gangster rap existed: I told em fight back, attack on society If this is violence, then violent's what I gotta be If you investigate you'll find out where it's comin’ from Look through our history, America's the violent one Here, the poet points to American society as “the violent one” and that he has to be violent in order to “fight back.” In “Who Knew”, Eminem showed a similar viewpoint by expressing his belief that violence is a common occurrence in American society, yet not challenged in genres outside of the urban environment: So who's bringin’ the guns in this country? I couldn't sneak a plastic pellet gun through customs over in London And last week, I seen a Schwarzaneggar movie Where he's shootin’ all sorts of these bad guys with an Uzi Here, the poet questions the existence of violence in a country that allows firearms and violent movies. In “Casualties of War”, Rakim blames the United States government, specifically its Head of State, as the group causing the violence in society with their war-like ways: I'ma get back to New York in one piece But I'm bent in the sand that is hot as the city streets Sky lights up like fireworks blind me Bullets, whistlin’ over my head remind me... President Bush said attack Flashback to Nam, I might not make it back In this text, the poet refers to our country’s decision to go to war as an example of the violence that exists amongst the majority social class. In “The Watcher”, Dr. Dre redefines the negative characteristic of violence by pointing to the police force as the source of violence, and therefore, referring to them as “gangster-like”: Things just ain't the same for gangstas Cops is anxious to put people in handcuffs They wanna hang us, see us dead or enslave us Keep us trapped in the same place we raised in Then they wonder why we act so outrageous Run around stressed out and pull out gauges Cause everytime you let the animal out cages It's dangerous, to people who look like strangers Here, the poet accuses the majority class of keeping them “trapped in the same place we raised in” and that the perceived violence is only due to the introduction of “people who look like strangers.” These are examples of how hip-hop artists redefine the image of violence by showing how it exists or was created within the majority social group. Drugs Another common disputed stereotype of hip-hop artists is their use and distribution of illegal drugs. In attempts to redefine this negative characteristic, many hip-hop artists have pointed at the majority social group as the facilitator of drug abuse. In “Justify My Thug”, Jay-Z speaks directly to members of government, raising questions about who has made the availability and use of these drugs possible: Mr. President, there's drugs in our residence Tell me what you want me to do, come break bread with us Mr. Governor, I swear there's a cover up Every other corner there's a liquor store - what is up? In this example, the poet inquires as to why there is a liquor store in “every other corner” of his community. In “I Want to Talk to You”, Nas uses the same approach to challenge the notion of drug distribution by asking his representatives what they would do in his situation: Why y'all made it so hard, damn People gotta go create their own job Mr. Mayo,r imagine if this was your backyard Mr. Governo,r imagine if it was your kids that starved Imagine your kids gotta sling crack to survive Here, the poet claims that the distribution of drugs is not only an effect of the poverty that exists in his environment, but also a means of survival. In “Manifesto”, Talib Kweli actually accuses the government of being the body which allows drugs into the country: Like the C.I.A. be bringin’ in crack cocaine bailin’ out of planes With the George Bush connections, I push Reflection Like I'm sellin’ izm, like a dealer buildin’ the system Supply and the demand it's all capitalism People don't sell crack cause they like to see blacks smoke People sell crack cause they broke In this example, the poet accuses the C.I.A. of flying drugs into the country, and again reiterates the point that it is a means of survival due to the “supply and demand” of a capitalist society. In “Damn It Feels Good to be a Gangster”, the Geto Boys fully redefine the negative characteristic of drug distribution by accusing the President of being a drug dealer, and therefore, a gangster: And now, a word from the President! Damn it feels good to be a gangsta Getting’ voted into the White House Everything lookin’ good to the people of the world But the Mafia family is my boss So every now and then I owe a favor gettin' down Like lettin' a big drug shipment through And send 'em to the poor community So we can bust you know who These examples show how hip-hop artists redefine the image of being drug dealers and users by again pointing to the majority class as the creator of the drug problem in this country. Materialism Hip-hop music is also seen by the majority class as a genre dominated by materialism. Again, artists point back to the majority class in an attempt to redefine this negative characteristic. In “Respiration”, Black Star points to all the wealth surrounding urban areas, and how it absorbs the lower class in materialism, making them want parts of that wealth: Where mercenaries is paid to trade hot stock tips For profits, thirsty criminals take pockets Hard knuckles on the second hands of workin’ class watches Skyscrapers is colossus, the cost of living Is preposterous, stay alive, you play or die, no options Here, the poet talks about various materialistic aspects of the majority class, and how the lower class must “play or die” to “stay alive.” In “All Falls Down”, Kanye West actually blames this materialism on American society: It seems we living the American dream But the people highest up got the lowest self esteem The prettiest people do the ugliest things For the road to riches and diamond rings In this example, the poet blames the “American dream” for materialism, saying it causes people to “do the ugliest things” for “riches and diamond rings.” In “Los Angeles Times”, Xzibit also blames this materialism on the majority class, claiming that is what the youth are taught coming up in urban environments: Welcome to L.A. Where you can see the whole city burning Cause the cops got Uzis and the dealers keep serving And your kids ain't learning it, except this Sex power and wealth, forget everything else Here, the poet expresses his belief that certain aspects of materialism, including “power and wealth” are taught to children through occurrences in society. These are examples how hip-hop artists redefine the negative characteristic of being materialistic by showing examples of how this materialism is prevalent in the majority class, and often created within that class. Sex And the final debated stereotype of the hip-hop social class is that they are sexually promiscuous, often leading to disrespectful treatment towards women. The poets also attempt to redefine this stereotype by blaming the core of the problem on society. In “Pussy Galore”, the Roots claim that the country’s obsession with sex is pushed by sexually-driven marketing campaigns: Lookin' out the limo window up at the billboards 200 miles, she was the only thing I saw Promotin' everything, from the liquor to the nicotine Cell phones, anti-histamines, chicken wings You gotta show a little skin to get them listening For real yo, the world is a sex machine In this example, the poet retells a personal experience in which he saw sex advertisements as “promotin’ everything.” And in order to “get them listening”, he claims, “you gotta show a little skin.” In “Get By”, Talib Kweli blames this sexual obsession on what we view on television: The TV got us reachin’ for stars Not the ones between Venus and Mars, The ones that be readin’ for parts Some people get breast enhancements and penis enlargers Here, the poet expresses his belief that television creates a misconception of what people should be sexually, and that contributes to the promiscuity that is being blamed on the hip-hop movement. Hip-hop artists have used their lyrics and poetry to influence the rejection and reconstruction of the gangster identity that plagues their social class. This is accomplished through the redefining of negative characteristics assigned by the majority class. In most cases, these redefinitions include pointing to the majority class as the real holders of these negative characteristics. The redefining of these “gangster-like” images through hip-hop lyrics helps to reconstruct the gangster identity by questioning “gangster-like” behaviors and which social class actually has these behaviors. So the question presented is: Who exactly are the gangsters? Works Cited / Discography 2 Pac. 2Pacalypse Now. Jive Records, 1991. Black Star. Mos Def & Talib Kweli are Black Star. Rawkus Records, 1998. Coates, Jennifer. Women, Men and Language. Longman Publishing, New York: 1993. Dr. Dre. The Chronic 2001. Interscope Records, 1999. Eminem. The Marshall Mathers LP. Interscope Records, 2000. Geto Boys. Uncut Dope LP. Interscope Records, 1999. Haugen, Jason. “‘Unladylike Divas’: Language, Gender and Female Gangster Rappers.” Popular Music and Society: December, 2003. Jay Z. The Black Album. Def Jam, 2003. Kanye West. College Dropout. Roc-A-Fella Records, 2004. Nas. I Am. Sony Records, 1999. Rakim. Don’t Sweat the Technique. MCA Records, 1992. Rawkus Records. Lyricist Lounge Volume 1. Priority Records, 1999. Slaughter, Peter. “Attack on Rap Music.” Barutiwa Weekly News. June 14, 1997. Talib Kweli & DJ Hi-Tek. Train of Thought. Rawkus Records, 2000. Talib Kweli. Quality. Rawkus Records, 2003. The Roots. Phrenology. MCA Records, 2002. Whaley, Angela. “Hip Hop is Not for Sale.” Colorado State University’s Talking Back: Volume 3, Issue 1. Xzibit. 40 Days and 40 Nights. Loud Records, 1998. top rated penis enlagement pills penis enhancement tip penis enlargement traction device penis enlagement pump penis enlargement drug pro solution pill review penile enlargment product vimax penis enlargement herb
Having a baby brings with it many decisions. From the moment that second pink line appears you are a parent. Some parenting decisions can be fun, like what color to paint the nursery. Other decisions require more research and discussion between the mother and her partner including, if the child is a boy, whether or not to circumcise. The decision to circumcise may be guided by your religious beliefs. Both Jews and Muslims circumcise as part of religious rites. The decision not to circumcise, however, may be one that you never considered. “Aren’t most boys circumcised? Isn’t it cleaner? Why wouldn’t I want my son to look like his father and all the other boys in the locker room?” While these myths are prevalent in the United States and other parts of the Western world, the facts of circumcision tell a significantly different story. Circumcision of male infants is not a medically necessary procedure; it is plastic surgery for the penis. The practice of circumcision began in ancient Egypt, according to Desmond Morris in his book Babywatching. The ancient Egyptians believed that the snake shedding its skin was undergoing a rebirth and, thus, became immortal. They reasoned that if humans followed suit they, too, would attain immortality. The foreskin was equated to the snakeskin, and the practice of circumcision was begun. For centuries, the only reason for circumcision was a religious one. Non-faith based circumcision began with the Victorians during the mid-to-late 1800s. They believed that removing the foreskin would reduce the male’s urge to masturbate. From that starting point, circumcision has been deemed by various groups to be more hygienic and credited as a preventative measure for diseases from chlamydia to HIV. In reality, removing the foreskin accomplishes none of these assertions and could result in more serious problems. The foreskin has several known functions, even in modern times. While some people suggest that its use has gone the way of the appendix, in reality the foreskin aids in the sexual health and enjoyment of men. The foreskin is a protective cover for the penis that needs no special care. At birth, the foreskin is attached to the head of the penis, much like fingernails are attached to the end of your fingers. It will remain attached until the boy is about ten years old. Premature retraction of the foreskin can lead to an increased chance of infection. Early life functions of the foreskin are to help in the proper development of the penile glans and to protect the glans from feces and urine-based ammonia in diapers. Throughout the man’s life, the foreskin continues to protect the glans from friction and abrasion and keeps it lubricated and moisturized by coating it in a waxy, protective substance. When the man becomes sexually active, the foreskin allows sufficient skin to cover an erection by unfolding and aids in penetration by reducing friction and chafing. The foreskin is highly sensitive and is, in fact, an erogenous tissue rich with erogenous receptors. For his partner, the foreskin contacts and stimulates the female’s G-spot. There are additional considerations when deciding upon whether your male infant will undergo circumcision. As with any medical procedure, there are complications presented by the choice to circumcise. In March 1999, the American Academy of Pediatrics concluded that any potential medical benefits are not significant, and the AAP no longer recommends circumcision as a routine procedure. Prior to consenting to a circumcision, the mother must sign a consent form outlining the risks of the procedure. These risks include hemorrhage (in about 2% of cases), infection, deformity, scarring, permanent bowing of the penis (chordee), and urinary retention from swelling, among other concerns, including loss of the penis. Though rare, death occurs in approximately 1 of every 5000 circumcisions. Many circumcisions are done without the use of anesthetic, but if anesthesia is used, there are additional complications presented by using anesthetic drugs on an infant. Despite the American perception, circumcision is not a worldwide practice. Eighty-two percent (82%) of the world's male population is intact. That leaves the 18% of circumcised men in the minority. Even in the U.S. circumcision rates are declining. Starting around World War II, rates of circumcised boys increased steeply as American births were moved from the home into the hospitals. Rates of U.S. circumcisions reached a plateau during the late 1980s. With the new century, rates of circumcision began a slow decline. In the latest census reports, from 2003, approximately 55% of American newborn boys are circumcised. Some sources believe that American circumcision rates will decrease steadily over the next generation and return to the pre-WWII ratio of approximately 1 of every 4 boys being circumcised. Whether or not to circumcise is a decision that must be made with concern for immediate and future implications for the male child. As more parents become aware of the choices they have in labor and birth, more parents are also making the decision not to circumcise. For more information on circumcision, visit www.nocirc.org. easy enlargement free penis surgery way penis enlarement before and after photo penis elargement pic before and after penile enlargment product manual penile enlargment exercise penis enlagement excercises magna rx review penis enlargement picture natural pnis enlargement pills
I happen to operate an unusual business. I make men's penises larger. Sounds strange doesn't it? But the reason I chose this line of business was because I used to be a primary care doctor taking care of the needs of my patients. Many times, my patients would pull me aside asking me about penis enlargement surgery and if it really works. Of course, I read all of the journal reports and it was a relatively new procedure but still, it was an interesting proposition. Forget about lowering high blood pressure and serum cholesterol levels...I soon became intimately involved in the subject of penis enlargement because of disastrous results sustained by a friend of mine who happen to under male enhancement surgery. Being a man, I know first-hand what men think and feel about the subject of penis enlargement because quite honestly, I've thought the very same thoughts as most men wondering if their size could be improved. To be honest...the following list encapsulates the most commonly held views by the majority of men concerning sexual difficulties and issues pertaining to genital size: Men don't like to admit they have troubles or need help. When the subject happens to be in the bedroom performance arena, men simply clam up and try to figure things out on their own. It's only been since the introduction of Viagra that men are beginning to speak with their doctors about their erections. Prior to that...mum was the word. Men have been led to believe that their penis size is of relative little importance to their significant other. While it is true that the first 2-3 inches of the vagina is the most sensitive, it's also true that if a man is of smaller size women want more because they have not received enough "physical" stimulation. While erectile dysfunction (ED) affects 1/3 of men worldwide, this number is steadily climbing. Dr. Kinsey's study into the average male penis size was to say the least controversial at it's inception. His findings that the average penis size is 5.5" have recently come under criticisms. The most common form of cancer in the world is prostate cancer which takes the lives of 38,000 men in the United States alone every year. Benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) occurs in 50-75% of men which directly impedes and effects not only their ability to sleep through the night, but also their ability to perform sexually. 90% of men are unhappy with their current penis size, penis length and sexual performance ability. While some of the above are medical statistics, you'd be surprised how many men actual depend upon obtaining legitimate answers online to their penis needs. For some reason, men feel comfortable and more at ease discussing penis enlargement, testosterone and erectile dysfunction issues via email rather than face-to-face with their own primary care physicians. Because of that...the only conclusion one can reach is that men perceive they are not receiving answers to their most common and basic needs questions via normal means. I should say...from their primary care doctors that is. Men's health education is poorly lacking in this country...and the obvious pre-existing attitudes men have toward the subject doesn't help the matter at all. penis enlargment procedure enlargment manhattan penile surgeon vimax penis enlargement without pills best enlargment exercise penile manual penile enlargment exercise penis enlarement surgeries free penis enlargement exercise magna rx pills natural pnis enlargement pills
Generic drugs are the substitutes available for a branded drug. The functioning and efficiency of generic drugs are identical to the branded medication. These drugs are available on much cheaper rate in comparison to the predecessor from which these are derived. Generic drug producers can sell their products on much cheaper price because they don’t have to bear expenses of drug development. Production of generic drug is not good for drug developing company but it is beneficial for customers as they can get similar efficacy medication on lower price. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a diseases related with capability of making love. Erection of penis is essential for love making but ED stops erection of penis and debars a man from happy sex life. For centuries people have been searching for a proper aphrodisiac which can help in erectile dysfunction. Their search came to end when high efficacy drugs like Viagra, Levitra and Cialis are launched in the drug market. All these medications almost have a great success rate of around 80 to 90 percent. Particularly, Levitra is successful in 88% cases. However, there is a problem related with all these drugs, that is, their high cost. It is not feasible for a common man to use them every time he wants to make love. Fortunately, there are generic drugs available for Levitra. Meltabs, Soft tab, Kamagra are few generic drugs for tabs Levitra. For understanding the functioning of these generic drugs knowledge about the working of Levitra is essential. The working of Levitra is primarily dependent on its active ingredient Vardenafil, which is present in the tablet as Vardenafil hydrochloride trihydrate. This chemical inhibits the function of phosphodiesterase-5, which is responsible for bringing back penis in relaxed position. Vardenafil restricts the action of phosphodiesterase-5 so that during love making penis will not fall back. Hence, it enables the man suffering from ED to live sexual life normally. Meltabs, the generic version of Levitra has Sildenafil Citrate as its active component, whose action is similar to action of Vardenafil. Meltabs has Sildenafil Citrate compounded with a non active gel in pills form. This generic drug for Levitra absorbs in the blood more quickly than other drugs in this category. Other drugs in the same category take approximately 30 to 90 minutes to produce erection of penis while this timing for Meltabs is around 20 to 30 minutes. Kamagra is another generic drug for Levitra, which is product of an Indian pharmaceutical company Ajanta Pharma Limited. Kamagra also contains Sildenfil Citrate as its active ingredient. Veega and Soft tab are few other prominent generic drugs for Levitra, which are generally produced in countries where there is a low labour cost. But, these generic drugs are available for the global population. Generic drugs for Levitra can have some mild and temporary side effects like Levitra; for more detail, you can consult with your doctor. All these drugs are oral prescription medication, which means doctor’s prescription is necessary to use them. Generic drugs are highly cost effective for user; so if your doctor permits you can easily switch over to generic drug for Levitra. penis enlarement surgeries penis enhancement excersizes safe penis elargement penis enargement tool penis enhancement stretcher magna rx pill penis enlargment pill magna rx home pnis enlargement natural pnis enlargement pills
Alcohol and High Blood Pressure - wow, this is a good one (he says putting down his pint – only joking). Consuming Alcohol and High Blood Pressure as an issue is a real conundrum. One the one had, the odd wee drink now and then (he says picking his pint glass up again) is actually quite beneficial and can act as an aid and part treatment for cardiovascular purposes but it is like everything, taken to excess, therein lies the downfall. The relationship between Alcohol and High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) has been recognised for nearly a century and especially the link between Hypertension and the excessive consumption of alcohol i.e. more than just the correct recommended intake of a few units (14 for women and 21 for men) a week. There have been several scientific studies over the last 100 years that have confirmed that Alcoholism is ONE of several causes of Hypertension. Originally it was suggested that alcoholism was a cause of hypertension irrespective of a whole range of other associated socio economic factors such as economic status, your age, race, weight, serum cholesterol levels or even tobacco use If you drink excessively, your blood pressure will rise. Hmmnnn…... It is quite a sobering experience when you look at it like that doesn’t it? The Pro’s and Con’s of drinking are not for this article and it is not for me to make valued pronouncements about the virtues of abstinence from alcohol but the simple fact is inescapable. Alcohol is a drug. It affects the way you feel and affects every system in your body. When you know the facts and effects of alcohol, then you will be in a position to decide what is best in the long term for you. In a nutshell the principle behind the relationship between alcoholism and High Blood Pressure lies in the following basic premise. When Alcohol is present in the blood stream it covers the blood vessels and artery walls thereby increasing their tension and thereby increasing the blood pressure. This is the basic version and there are more complex definitions and explanations in existence but these are for the Medical Textbooks! As in all things moderation appears to be the key and this arises (apart from common sense) largely from a report in 1994 in The Journal of the American Medical Association which published an editorial that suggested that if the entire population of the United States stopped drinking it estimated that there could be up to an additional 81,000 deaths due to Heart Disease each year. OK, sounds interesting, and the article went on to ascertain that abstaining from alcohol may be no better than drinking in moderation. At the same time over in Europe, researchers in Denmark were putting the final touches to a study that analysed the drinking habits of thirteen thousand people over the period of a decade. To everyone’s amazement the study found that those who downed three to five glasses of wine daily had roughly half the risk of teetotallers dying. At this point enter the Harvard School of Public Health who stated that their research had shown that the benefits of alcohol consumption (i.e. the enlargement of the blood vessels) disappear after as little as two drinks. It would appear that the generally accepted consensus is that moderation in drinking rules. Consuming one or two drinks a day helps prevent heart attacks and stroke it would seem. The really sad thing about all of this is that most Medical Professionals will tell you that the abuse of alcohol is one of the fasted growing areas of treatment within today’s Healthcare system. Not only that but the fastest growing section of the population found to be most at risk from the effects of this abuse of alcohol are now under the age of thirty and sadly an alarmingly large percentage of these sufferers are female. Shame they never told us about that at school. Or perhaps they did, but we were just too young and stupid to listen.